The Fed, Interest Rates and Me - What typical investors need to know

Jerome Powell, Federal Reserve Chair, and other Fed officials have provided advance warning about coming increases in interest rates. When, or if, the Federal Reserve Bank raises interest rates, how will that affect consumers and businesses? In particular, what about the consequences for certain segments of the economy?

Reason to change

The most important tool available to the Fed is its ability to set the federal funds rate, or the prime interest rate. This is the interest paid by banks to borrow money from the Federal Reserve Bank. Interest is, basically, the cost to the banks of borrowing someone else’s money. The banks will pass on this cost to their own borrowers.

As a way to boost the economy, the Fed set its benchmark interest rate close to zero in late 2008. This resulted in “free money.” By reducing the federal funds rate, the Fed increased the supply of money by making it less expensive to obtain.

As a result, businesses could have greater access to money. They could spend more on building their businesses and on hiring more employees. Because consumers and businesses had more money, they could purchase more goods, services, houses, and stocks.

Increasing the federal funds rate, on the other hand, reduces the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain. Reducing the amount of money in circulation, by decreasing consumer and business spending, helps to reduce inflation. However, the Federal Reserve has to decide whether the increase in consumer demand and in hiring has led to enough inflation in prices to warrant a reduction in rates.

Consequences for Consumers and Businesses

Any increased expense for the banks to borrow money has a ripple effect, which influences both individuals and businesses in their costs and plans.

Effect on individuals – Banks increase the rates that they charge to individuals to borrow money, through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates. As a result, consumers have less money to spend. They must face the effect on what they want to purchase and when to do so.

Effect on business – Because consumers have less disposable income, businesses must consider the effects to their revenues and profits. Businesses also face the effect of the greater expenses of borrowing money. As the banks make borrowing more expensive for businesses, companies are likely to reduce their spending. Less business spending and capital investment can slow the growth of the economy, decreasing business profits.

These broad interactions can play out in numerous ways.

Specific Effects

The stock market as a whole – Stock prices generally decrease when investors see companies reduce growth spending or make less profit. Absent other economic effects, the value of stocks in general will fall.

Bond Market – As the stock market declines, investors tend to view the risk of stock investments as outweighing the rewards. As such, they often consider moving toward safer bonds and Treasury bills. As a result, bond interest rates will rise, and investors will likely earn more from bonds.

The dollar – Other central banks are expanding the money supply, which weakens the value of their currencies. If the Fed hikes the interest rate, then the dollar appreciates. A stronger dollar means that U.S. consumers pay less for imports. A stronger dollar will boost U.S. demand for products from Asia and Europe, which will increase corporate profits there. As a result, global stocks will likely increase in value.

Commodity prices – A stronger dollar has contributed to the reduction in oil prices in the past. As the dollar will likely become stronger with the increase in interest rates, the prices of commodities, especially oil, should grow weaker. Of course, investments in oil stocks will likely also lose some value.

The federal budget – The U.S. government has a very large debt, and increased interest rates lead to higher interest payments.

Corporate borrowers – Companies that are repaying loans will end up with higher interest payments.

Mortgage holders – Payments on mortgage interest will increase for individuals and companies whose mortgages do not carry a fixed interest rate.

Obviously, many factors affect activity in various parts of the economy. A change in interest rates, although important, is just one of those factors.

Timing and Reports from the Fed

The Federal Open Market Committee, which sets the rates, is expected to continue to raise rates throughout 2018, likely at the March 2018 meeting. As the Committee announced earlier this year, it could begin to raise rates when it sees further evidence that inflation is increasing too quickly.

Readers of the Fed tea leaves will continue to speculate, based on the status of the economy and statements by Jerome Powell, the Federal Reserve Chair. One effect of the Fed finally announcing its move: An end to the anxiety and speculation about when or whether a rate hike will occur. In itself, this can be good for the economy, as business leaders can make their plans with more certainty.

Many factors affect the market. However, it is important to consider any effects on your business, your livelihood, and your investment portfolio of an increase in the federal funds rate. Be sure to give me a call so that we can discuss further.

Distributed by Financial Media Exchange.